How Vaccines Work Explain With Flowchart .

 During this Covid 19 pandemic period only a vaccine can save us . When we are born we are vaccinated first against random diseases that makes as sick . We also Learn How Vaccines Work at Grade 8 At our School But It's Not So Much In-depth .  Today We Are Gonna Know How  Vaccine Works  with flowchart  .  Germs are all around us, both in our environment and in our bodies. When a person is easily infected and comes in contact with a dangerous creature, it can lead to disease and death.

The body has many ways of protecting itself from pathogens (pathogens). The skin, mucous membranes, and cilia (the hair follicles that remove debris away from the lungs) all act as barriers to prevent germs from entering the body in the first place.

When a pathogen invades the body, our immune system, called the immune system, launches an all-out attack and destroys the pathogen. So Let's Start .

Our Body's natural response

A pathogen is a bacterium, a virus, a parasite or a fungus that can cause infections in the body. Each pathogen is made up of several subparts, usually different from that specific pathogen and the causative agent. The tiny particle that causes the formation of antibodies is called the antigen. Antibodies produced in response to the pathogen antigen are an important part of the immune system. You can look at the immune system as the immune system. Each antibody, or soldier, in our system is trained to detect one specific antigen. We have thousands of different antibodies in our bodies. When the human body is exposed to the antigen for the first time, it takes time for the immune system to respond and produce antibodies specific to that antigen.
In the meantime, the person may be ill.
Once the antigen-specific antibodies are produced, they work with all the immune system to destroy the pathogen and prevent the disease. Antibodies to one pathogen usually do not protect against another pathogen unless the two diseases are very similar, like in cousins. Once the body has produced antibodies in its primary response to an antigen, and creates antibodies that produce antibodies, they remain alive even if the pathogen is defeated by antibodies. When the body is exposed to the same pathogen more than once, the antibody response is much faster and more effective than the first time because the memory cells are not ready to release antibodies against that antigen.
This means that if a person is exposed to a dangerous pathogen in the future, your immune system will be able to respond quickly, protecting you from infections.

Image Credit: WHO 

How vaccines help our natural immune system .

Vaccines contain weak or inactive parts of a particular body (antigen) that trigger an immune response within the body. New vaccines contain an antigen-producing system than the antigen itself. Whether a vaccine is made with the antigen itself or a blueprint for the body to produce an antigen, this weakened version will not cause disease in the person receiving the vaccine, but it will improve the immune system to respond to its first response to the real pathogen.

Image Credit: WHO 

Some vaccines require large doses, given weeks or months apart. This is sometimes necessary to allow for the production of long-lasting antibodies and the formation of memory cells. In this way, the body is trained to fight off a specific immune system, building up the memory of the virus so that it can fight back sooner or later.

Types Of Vaccines

The key to vaccines is to insert antigens into the body without causing the person to become ill at the same time. Scientists have developed several ways to do this, and each method produces a specific vaccine.

Live Attenuated Vaccines:  In these types of vaccines, a non-damaging and asymptomatic form   of a virus or bacteria is introduced into the body. Because it is weak, the virus will not spread and cause illness, but the immune system will still learn to recognize its antigens and be able to fight in the future.

Benefits: Because these vaccines introduce real pathogens, they are a good way to imitate the immune system. So live vaccines can lead to lifelong protection in one or two doses.

Disadvantages: Because it contains organic viruses, live-action vaccines are not given to people with weakened immune systems, such as chemotherapy or HIV treatment, as there is a risk that the virus could develop and cause illness. In addition, these vaccines should be refrigerated at all times so that the weakened pathogens does not die.

Specific Vaccines in this category :

• Measles
• Blind
•  Rubella Vaccine (MMR)
• Varicella (chicken pox )
• Fever (nasal spray)
• Rotavirus

Inactive vaccine : In these vaccines, a particular virus or bacterium is killed by heat or chemicals, and its dead cells are introduced into the body. Although the pathogen is dead, the immune system can still learn from its antigens on how it can fight off its living species in the future.

Benefits: These vaccines can be caught and dried and stored easily because there is no danger of killing the pathogen as there are live vaccines that are blocked live. Also, without the risk of the virus or bacteria returning to their pathogen.

Disadvantages: Because a virus or bacteria is dead, it is not accurate to imitate a real thing like a reduced live virus. Therefore, it often takes several doses and “booster shots” to train the body to defend itself.

Specific Vaccines in this category :

• Polio (IPV)
• Hepatitis A
• Rabies

Subunit / conjugate Vaccines: In some diseases, scientists are able to isolate specific proteins or carbohydrates from a pathogen that, when absorbed into the body, can train the immune system to respond without irritating the patient.

Benifits: With these vaccines, the risk of adverse reactions in a patient is very low, since only one part or the actual pathogen is injected into the body instead of everything else.

Disadvantages: Finding the best antigens in the pathogen to train the immune system and isolating them is not always possible. Only certain vaccines can be made this way.

Specific Vaccines in this category :

• Hepatitis B
• The flu
• Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib)
• Pertussis (component of DTaP integrated vaccine)
• Pneumococcal
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
• Meningococcal

Toxoid Vaccines: Some bacterial infections harm the body by releasing harmful chemicals or toxins. In these organisms, scientists are able to “detoxify” certain toxins using a mixture of formaldehyde and water. These dead toxins are safely absorbed into the body. The immune system learns well enough from dead toxins to fight living toxins, if they do.

Specific Vaccines in this category :

• Diphtheria
• Tetanus

Conjugate Vaccines: Some bacteria, such as those of the Hib disease, have an outer layer of sugar molecules that hide their antigens and deceive the immune system. To address this issue, scientists can link antigen from another visible pathogen to the sugary coating of hidden bacteria. As a result, the immune system learns to recognize sugar-carrying secretions as dangerous and attacks them and their host as soon as they enter the body.

Specific Vaccines in this category :

• Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib)

DNA Vaccines: In the experimental phase, DNA vaccines will remove all the unwanted parts of a bacterium or virus and replace it with a few microscopic DNA strands. These DNA strands will teach the immune system to produce anti-pathogen antigens on their own. As a result, these vaccines can be very effective immune trainers. And they are cheap and easy to produce.

Specific Vaccines in this category :The DNA vaccines for the flu and herpes are currently in the human testing stages.

Recombinant Vector Vaccines:  These experimental vaccines are similar to DNA vaccines in that they inject DNA from a harmful pathogen into the body, enabling the body's immune system to produce antigens and train them to identify and fight the disease. The difference is that these vaccines use a used, or weakened virus, or bacterial to reproduce, or vector, DNA. In short, scientists are able to pick up a harmless pathogen, dress it in the DNA of a very dangerous disease, and train the body to see and fight both effectively.

Specific Vaccines in this category :

: HIV vaccines, rabies, and measles are currently being developed.

The Herd Immunity 

Principles do not just apply to the individual, they protect all communities. When people are already vaccinated, the chances of infection become much lower and even non-vaccinated people benefit. In fact, the bacterium or virus will simply not have enough competent agents to establish a habitat and will eventually become extinct. This condition is called "immune deficiency" or "social defenses," and allows once-deadly diseases to be completely eradicated, without the need for vaccination for everyone.

This is important because there will always be a percentage of people who are not vaccinated, including infants, young children, the elderly, people with serious illnesses, pregnant women, or people with weakened immune systems. For the protection of the herd, these people are kept safe because diseases are never given a chance to spread to more people.

Public health officials and scientists continue to study herd protection and find important restrictions, but one example is the Gambia, where only 70% of vaccines were sufficient to eradicate Hib disease completely.

However, if more people stop vaccinations, the herd's immunity can be compromised, exposing people to the risk of infection. That is why many officials and doctors see widespread vaccination as a public health precaution and blame recent outbreaks for the lack of vaccines.

For example, in 1997, a prominent medical journal, The Lancet, published a study claiming that it had found a link between the measles vaccine and autism. As a result, in the years that followed the parents of more than a million British children decided not to vaccinate their children. The study has been completely eradicated, but the number of people living with measles has increased, from a few decades a year in 1997 to more than 2,000 million in 2011. and officials who suspect low vaccination rates. 

How vaccines work flow chart

Now Here is how vaccines work flow chart 

Click below to download the flowchart