BLACK HOLES AND GRAVITONS

During Earth's Archaean Ion, when life learned how to use energy from the Sun, two black holes in a distant galaxy merged into one gravitational wave. Over the next 2.9 billion years, these waves discovered vast and empty space, but the lazy beep on Earth learned to use lasers and mirrors to measure gravitational vibrations compared to the nucleus of an atom. When gravitational waves reach the Earth, they become the third sign of humanity merging black holes.

With this third discovery of gravitational waves called GW170104, gravitational astronomy is coming into it. As in previous mergers, the initial black holes were massive black holes (19.4 and 31.2 solar masses, respectively), and they became black holes with a mass of 48.7 solar masses, emitting 2 solar masses in the form of gravitational waves. This is similar to the other two mergers we know of and ensures that black holes with mass larger than 20 suns can be produced. X-ray observations near black holes previously showed a mass between 5 and 15 solar masses. The size of these mergers supports the existence of a medium-sized black hole between the size of the star mass and the supermassive shape found at the centers of galaxies.

THE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES OF THREE CONFIRMED BLACK HOLE MERGERS, AND ONE TENTATIVE MERGER

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This latest discovery also merges into the distant black hole, which we saw at a distance of 3 billion light years, which is twice as much as the previous merger. This greater distance allows Einstein's theory to be tested in new ways, particularly the quantum element called gravity. In quantum theory, the energy field between cells is caused by quanta. For electromagnetism, these are photons. For strong nuclear energy, they are gluon. For gravity, the field quanta is called gravity. The only area Quanta has not seen is Graviton. Gravity is the weakest of the four basic forces, so to observe gravity directly you need a neutron star in orbit, such as a Jupiter-mass detector. We are unlikely to do so anytime soon. But we have a better understanding of the principle of gravity. One of the main assumptions of relativity is that gravity must be as mass as a photon. Consequently, gravitational waves must always propagate at the speed of light. With this new merger we can test this idea by a property called scatter.

Scattering occurs when waves emanating from the same source travel at different speeds. You can see it in the prism, where the sunlight spreads into the colorful rainbow. This is because the speed of light through glass varies with wavelength or color. A similar effect is seen in astronomy when radio waves pass through the ionized plasma of the interstellar space. We can actually use this effect to measure the distribution of gas and dust in our galaxy. As it travels through the plasma it travels by scattering light because the charged cells of the plasma are in intense contact with light. When light travels through condensed gas, it does not scatter.

Since gravitational waves do not have a strong relationship with other masses, they should not be scattered while traveling through the vacuum of space. But there is another way to disperse. If gravity has mass, then gravity with different forces travels at different speeds. This diffusion is as large as it appears in 3 billion light years. No evidence has been shown to disperse the latest merger, i.e. gravitons (as they exist) are widely visible. General relativity is another test.

The next step in gravity astronomy is to bring more detectors online. With the limited data we have, we cannot pinpoint the exact location of these mergers to the sky, so we cannot associate the merger phenomenon with those observed in the optical spectrum. This allows more detectors to gather more information about the rotation of the black hole before merging, which allows to test general relativity. We are still in the early stages of a completely astronomical field, but have already begun to show the power of this new field.